We are off to Spain again! This time for a intercultural and interfaith journey with 11 amazing undergrads and my colleague, Dr. Avinash Thombre. We will be exploring Jewish, Christian, and Islamic influences on Spanish culture, history, art, food, and politics. We will visit Madrid, Toledo, Granada, Cordoba, and Almuñécar as we study interfaith interactions in Spain from both a contemporary and a historical perspective. And this blog is the place where the students will be chronicling our experiences, adventures, and learning!
Madrid Through My Eyes: A First-Day Adventure by Rory Abbott
Arriving at Madrid-Barajas Airport early in the morning, we were greeted by the hum of travelers and the anticipation of a new adventure. With passport stamps marking our official entry, we collected our luggage, stepping into the vibrant energy of Spain’s capital. Inside the airport, we met Layla, our API Agent for the trip, who ensured a seamless transition. With her guidance, we hopped into shuttles bound for Residencia Tagaste, our home base in Madrid.
Once we arrived, we had time to refresh before attending an orientation led by API. Covering safety, health, and cultural differences in Spain, the session prepared us for a smooth adjustment to life in Madrid. Following the orientation, we toured Residencia Tagaste, followed by a short walk through the surrounding neighborhood. Along the way, we found inviting cafés and restaurants—perfect spots for a quick meal. For lunch, I opted for Teikit, a nearby sushi spot. Fresh flavors and a relaxed atmosphere made for a delicious break before the afternoon’s adventures.
With the help of Francisco, another API Agent, we learned how to navigate Madrid’s Metro system. The city’s vast transportation network would soon become second nature, opening up endless possibilities for exploration. Like our arrival at Parque de el Retiro through the metro. We wandered through paths lined with blooming roses at La Rosaleda, soaking in the serene beauty. We paused at Palacio de Cristal, only to find it under construction—a renovation set to last until 2027. Despite this, the towering glass structure still managed to impress. Near the Monument to Alfonso XII, we witnessed a heartwarming surprise—an engagement unfolding beside the Estanque Grande de el Retiro, making the park even more memorable.
Settling into a quiet corner of the park, we delved into an insightful discussion on Islamophobia in Spain: Inheritance of Reconquista and Hate Political Rhetoric. We explored historical patterns, political rhetoric, and orientalism’s role in shaping perceptions, reflecting on how these narratives extend beyond Spain. Leaving El Retiro, we took the Metro to the historic heart of Madrid. Walking through streets steeped in history, we admired statues, grand architecture, and landmarks that showcased Spain’s rich past. As evening approached, we wandered through local shops, collecting souvenirs and embracing Madrid’s vibrant culture. It was the perfect end to a full day of first impressions especially with the gelato from BICO de xeado.
Thursday in Madrid by Kathi Clevenger
The day started off with some doing yoga, which was led by Dr. Thombre.
We spent the morning at Casa Arabe, a wonderful non profit that teaches both adults and children.
We then spent part of the day sightseeing and shopping. We had lunch in the Plaza Mayor square followed by a visit to the Arab wall and Emir Mohamed I Park and discussion in the park led by Mercy.
After a trip to the Prado museum we headed down town for the famous San Gines chocolate and churros and then to an amazing dinner arranged by API. Thank you Layla for a great dinner and a tour.
The evening ended with a beautiful light filled walk back to our motel.
What a great day!!
Diving into Muslim History in Spain by Mercy Macjones
Today was another beautiful day unfolding in Madrid, as we set out on yet another adventure. Leaving our dorm we then took the metro, and as we arrived, we were greeted by Fran, one of our API guides, at the bullfighting ring, which is a historical symbol of Spanish culture. The air was very cold this morning, which contrasted with the heat that usually covers the city.
From the bullring, we made our way to the Islamic Cultural Center of Madrid. As we entered the stunning building we were captivated by the architecture as well as the atmosphere. During our tour we were taught about the culture and influence of Muslims in Spanish society. The experience was very educational as we connected with diverse threads that make up Spain’s culture today.
After the visit, we stopped by a charming sweet treat shop where we indulged in delicious pastries. The layer of flaky pastries with nuts, honey, and chocolates were delightful treats offering a taste of Middle Eastern cuisine in Spain.
Next, we found a beautiful park to hold our third discussion of the trip. The topic was bullfighting and football and we explored their histories discussing how these traditional sports reflects on the country’s identity. We enjoyed our discussion surrounded by vibrant trees and playful dogs with their owners.
After our discussion, we took a much-needed rest and ate food. We were later reunited with Layla, who took our group to Museo de San Isidro. This museum was dedicated to the history of Madrid showcasing a collection of artifacts tracing the city’s development from past to present. This museum offered insight into findings that shaped Madrid’s identity that we’d highly recommend.
As the day came to an end, we reflected on today’s experiences deepening out understanding of Madrid’s culture. We returned to our accommodations preparing for yet another day of adventure.
Exploring Toledo: A Journey Through Time by Jeralyn Whalen
On our journey we rode the train from Madrid to Toledo, watching as the modern cityscape gave way to rolling hills and the historic silhouette of Toledo’s medieval skyline. Stepping off the train, we embarked on a walking tour that promised to weave together the rich tapestry of cultures that had shaped the city over centuries.
Our first stop was the Mezquita del Cristo de la Luz, a stunning remnant of Toledo. Built in 999, this small yet intricately designed mosque is a testament to Islamic architecture, later transformed into a Christian chapel after the Reconquista. The warm brickwork and delicate horseshoe arches whispered stories of the city’s diverse past.
Winding through Toledo’s labyrinth of cobblestone streets, we arrived at Sefardi Museum located in the Synagogue of El Transito, the oldest standing synagogue in Spain. Despite its Jewish origins, the synagogue was designed in the Mudéjar style, blending Islamic artistry with Jewish traditions. The white, horseshoe arches seemed to glow under the light, making the space feel ethereal, a silent testament to centuries of coexistence and conflict.
Next, we ventured to the Toledo Cathedral, a masterpiece that took 250 years to construct. Yet, the evolution continued with the additions of artwork, stained glass, and intricate final touches for nearly 500 years, shaping it into the breathtaking monument it is today. Walking through its towering Gothic nave, we marveled at the golden Monstrance of Enrique de Arfe, a breathtaking piece of craftsmanship created between 1515 and 1523. In the choir stalls, detailed carvings depicted pivotal moments in Spain’s history, including the fall of Granada in 1492. Every corner of the cathedral told a story of an architectural diary spanning centuries.
Beyond the landmarks, Toledo itself was alive with energy. The streets bustled with restaurants serving rich, Castilian cuisine, succulent roasts, marzipan sweets, and hearty stews filling the air with delicious aromas. Boutique shops showcased handcrafted swords and damascene jewelry, preserving the city’s legacy of fine craftsmanship. Everywhere we turned, history and modernity existed side by side, woven into the very fabric of Toledo’s streets.
As the day ended, we made our way back to the train station, carrying with us not just souvenirs, but the lingering stories of the mosque, synagogue, and cathedral.
Toledo is not just a destination; it’s an experience, a journey through time where every stone, archway, and carving holds the echoes of civilizations past. And if you ever find yourself in Madrid, don’t hesitate and take the train, step into history, and let Toledo unfold before you.
Our First Day In Córdoba by Madelyne Hunter
We left at 8:45 am to catch our train from Madrid to Córdoba, a trip that would take a bit over an hour and a half. I was a little dejected to be leaving Madrid, particularly regretful about spending only a single day in Toledo, which I had found myself mesmerized by. I was grateful for the relatively long train ride—opportunities for meaningfully long naps were scarce, and I had to take them at any time the chance presented itself. On our second day, during the meeting with Casa Arabe I had come concerningly close to collapsing so I had to be brought back to Tagaste, which unfortunately meant that I had to miss the visit to the Prado as well. Bex had gotten up early to buy us all donuts for breakfast from a nearby shop before we left Madrid, and we ate them while waiting for our train.
Landing in Córdoba, we made our way to the hotel to find that upon arrival, our rooms were not yet ready, so we had no choice but to store our things in a meeting room located in the basement of the hotel. At least I had a chance to change out of my sweaty, hastily thrown together t-shirt and sweatpants I had put on the night before so I wouldn’t have to worry about changing in the morning.
We had time to kill before our tour at 5 pm, which led us to a quaint yet classy market selling fresh fruits and vegetables and other necessities, and also had plenty of little pop-up cafes and eateries inside where patrons gathered to eat. The ceiling was decorated with large, rose-shaped fixtures that hung down over the various shops and implements of the market. We also had a class discussion led by Amirah.
Heading back to the hotel, our rooms were prepared and we had about an hour to rest before we had to leave for our tour of Córdoba. Some elected to go to the hotel’s pool, while I decided to stay in my room to catch my breath. At 5:00 pm, we left.
Our evening consisted of a guide through Córdoba while we had the history of the local Jewish community explained to us. The alleyways and architecture of Córdoba reminded me very much of Toledo, which is to be expected, but as we went through our tour my mind kept wandering to the lives of the people hundreds of years ago who wandered these same streets as I. We came upon several areas that were demarcated by symbols and monuments that denoted its status as a formerly Jewish neighborhood during the Middle Ages.
At the statue of Maimonides, we reflected on the discrimination and power struggles between Christians, Jews, and Muslims in Spain over the course of centuries. The ways in which discrimination and persecution creates severe, tangible losses for society, and the experience of the Jews who were already in exile as a diaspora once again forced them out of the society and culture they had not only lived in, but contributed to and shaped.
Dr. Glazier ended our tour with a recital of the poem “My Heart Is In The East”, by Sephardic Spanish Rabbi Yehuda Halevi, circa 1141.
My heart is in the east, and I in the uttermost west–
How can I find savour in food? How shall it be sweet to me?
How shall I render my vows and my bonds, while yet
Zion lieth beneath the fetter of Edom, and I in Arab chains?
A light thing would it seem to me to leave all the good things of Spain —
Seeing how precious in mine eyes to behold the dust of the desolate sanctuary.
By this time, the sun was setting, casting an orange glow over the city. I thought again about these streets I walked, the people who used to live here centuries and centuries ago. My place in the present, coming from a country an ocean away to spend two weeks trawling a foreign land created a feeling of surreality. While I can’t claim to understand the feelings of Rabbi Halevi, I imagine he felt a similar sort of dissociation walking these cobbled streets.
My evening ended with ice cream from a hole-in-the-wall place on the way back to the hotel.
Cordoba: The Magic of the Mezquita by Bex Little
I’m not sure that there is a week of my life, in recent memory, that has started better. Waking up in Córdoba, Spain, the events of the day will be forever etched in my memory. After a truly continental breakfast consisting of fresh fruits, multiple styles of breads and pasteles, fresh eggs, an assortment of meats and cheeses, and tortilla de patata, the crew was off to explore this incredible town and be immersed in its rich history. Our first stop was the picturesque Casa Arabé. It is truly something of a picture. Walking into the courtyard of Casa Arabé felt like you were being transported into a stereotypical painting of a Spanish villa, vines of blooming jasmine draped the walls and surfina (petunia) flowers cascaded from the balconies and window ledges.
It could be easy to get lost in the beauty of Casa Arabé and lose sight of its purpose in Spain, but there are gentle reminders in its Mudejar design style that keep one’s mind focused. Casa Arabé exists to help promote intercultural and interreligious dialogue and understanding between the Arab world and the Spanish. Multiple moments, in the history of Spain, of mass conversion and/or exodus of the Arabic and Muslim inhabitants of the region are one of the reasons Mudejar design exists. Oppressed Muslims were used as laborers for the Christians and their Arab design style found a place throughout the entirety of Spain. This design style, in such an intoxicating place, gently reminds you of the sordid history and oppression that brought us here, and Casa Arabé’s purpose is to ensure the remembrance of that history and to build intercultural and interfaith relationships so that the past does not become prologue and so that Arab and Islamic intolerance becomes a thing of the past.
As the tour of Casa Arabé in Córdoba came to a conclusion, we ended on the rooftop of the “house.” The expansive view that awaited was nothing short of awe inspiring. The cityscape that was laid out before us, with the minaret of the mezquita standing forceful and proud, requiring those that see it to remember its history, beckoned for a day of discovery, learning and adventure.
After a day of being fully immersed in the culture of Spain, shopping, experiencing the cuisine, and attending La Feria de Córdoba, we were brought back to “the soul of Córdoba”, the Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba. In the year 711 Córdoba was conquered by the Arabs and became the “first city of the world”, a place of philosophical, scientific, mathematic and cultural significance. The mezquita is one of the last western witnesses to the conquests of Alexander the Great, and at its maximum development was able to receive 40,000 worshipers. Its minaret, standing at 4,700 meters (about 15,420 feet) was used to call these worshipers to prayer.
Walking into the mezquita it is easy for you to be mentally and emotionally overwhelmed. One wonders how, in a time without modern technologies in architecture and structural engineering such an undertaking could even occur, and you are left amazed by the Catholic influences in the altars, pipe organs, and other religious artifacts. The cathedral is truly a sight to behold. But, in a moment you realize what leaves you in pure amazement was accomplished by the, not just oppression, but murder of Muslims in Córdoba, and those that were not killed were forced to convert and abandon a faith that had guided their community for decades. My heart broke, and my soul, and eyes, wept. Even writing this now I am moved to the brink of tears because my mind can’t reconcile this history or begin to make sense of it. The oppression of “the other” in the name of religion so often to me seems nothing more than a grab for power, often not based in religion at all but instead political power and globalization. This history is being reenacted in countries around the world. Voices are being forcefully silenced and there is a concerted effort to erase entire communities and histories. The histories and lessons learned in Spain are not meant to stay here. We have a duty to take this knowledge with us and use it to leave a positive footprint on our own communities at home. This experience has moved me and changed me. I wish you all peace and blessings. In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Alhamdulillah.
A Bittersweet Farewell to Cordova, and a New Beginning in Granada by Suzy Velez
Cordova had wrapped us in its warmth, beauty, and deep, often difficult history. Saying goodbye wasn’t easy. After one final breakfast at the hotel, we took a last walk through its narrow streets to visit a preserved synagogue. Small, simple, and breathtaking in its quiet elegance, it stood as a final reminder that not all beauty shouts; some of it whispers.
As we left Cordova, olive groves stretched endlessly on both sides of the road, rolling hills giving way to distant mountains. Little white homes and villages dotted the land like scattered shells. The scenery felt like a painting, and even with my phone battery nearly gone, I couldn’t stop taking photos. It wasn’t just about remembering, it was about holding on.
After checking into the hotel in Granada, we met in a nearby park for a Group Discussion led by Carlee Felty. She helped guide us through the complexities of asylum policies in Europe, touching on how religion, nationality, and perceived economic value often shape who we believe deserves refuge. It was an honest, layered conversation, one that reminded me of how easily compassion can be shaped by invisible biases. We ended that discussion not with answers, but with better questions. Sometimes, that’s more valuable.
We went on a walking tour of the historic Albaicín neighborhood in the evening, a captivating blend of history, culture, and personal anecdotes that brought the city’s rich tapestry to life. Despite the forced conversions and exile that followed the reconquest, Queen Isabella admired the beauty of the city and tried to preserve much of its original architecture. Crosses appeared on the outside of homes, symbols placed by converted families to show allegiance. But for others, those symbols were signs of compliance under pressure. The full weight of that history, its beauty and its cruelty, lingers in the walls, the courtyards, the shadows.
And as I turn each corner, I fall in love again, with a balcony, a mountain view, or a hidden fountain. This journey keeps teaching me to see more, to feel more, and to carry history not just in my head, but in my heart.
Exploring Granada by Amirah Jackson
Waking up in the lovely city of Granada, I felt a buzz of excitement as we headed downstairs to meet yet again for a guided tour of the Alhambra, a gorgeous palace and fortress with a lot of history. Our guide, Christina, welcomed us with a friendly smile and took us through the detailed architecture and beautiful gardens that make the Alhambra so special. The vibrant flowers and the soothing sound of fountains added to the charm of our visit.
As the day got hotter, some of us grabbed refreshing Popsicles, which were a nice treat while we wandered around the massive grounds. The palaces and gardens weren’t just pretty; they told us stories from the past as we strolled along.
After the tour, we headed into Granada’s city center, where we had the chance to pick up some souvenirs and enjoy local food. But the day wasn’t done yet—at 5 PM, we explored an Inquisition museum, learning about the harsh punishments from history. It was a heavy experience, looking at the darker sides of human nature. Later, we got together for our daily class discussion led by Kathi, where we talked about The Jews of Spain and the Expulsion of 1492, based on Norman Roth’s work. This topic gave us a chance to reflect on Spain’s history and how it influences culture today.
After a full day of learning and exploration, we returned to our hotel for dinner and some much-needed rest. It was a day packed with history, culture, and experiences in Granada.
Grace in Granada: Catholic Legacy in Granada by Payten Free
The morning started with bells ringing outside our hotel in Granada, which was once a monastery, fitting for a day spent exploring the Catholic influence in the city. After a restful morning, the group headed to a tile workshop at Arabesco. We traced geometric designs (inspired by the tiles at the Alhambra) onto a stuccoed piece, carved along the lines, and added paint to complete the beautiful artwork that reflects the Muslim influence seen all throughout Spain. What was once just a pretty detail became something I could appreciate on a different level as I walked around the city later that day, spotting the tile work and thinking about the time, effort, and meaning behind each design.
Once we finished the workshop, we made our way to a nearby park where Dr. Thombre led the group discussion on the formation and development of Spanish identity over the years. Then, we attended Catredal de Granada, one of the largest cathedrals within Europe and participated in a self-guided tour.
The church was built on top of the city’s main mosque during the reconquest, reflecting Moorish and Christian influences in its architecture and art— from the horseshoe arches and geometric ceilings to the detailed stained glass windows that lit up the building (assigning the beautiful monument with the nickname “cathedral of light”). It definitely lived up to the name as the walls were surrounded with intricate designs of biblical scenes that left me in awe. I could not help but feel peace in such a gorgeous setting, despite the impact of Christian dominance during the reconquest. We moved to the Royal Chapel where Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand’s tombs rested. These chapels were rebuilt during the transition from gothic to renaissance styles in its architecture and art. Visiting the Cathedral and the Royal Chapel made it clear how Catholicism rose to dominance after the Reconquest, physically replacing Islamic spaces and leaving behind a powerful legacy that is still deeply felt today. The blend of Moorish design and Christian symbolism in these spaces reflects the complexity of Spanish history, where faith, power, and culture continue to intertwine.
We ended the evening by attending a Flamenco show at Peña La Platería. The live music and dancing was a great ending point that highlighted Spanish identity, tying back to our earlier group discussion. Goosebumps immediately covered my body as the guitarist and singer began, followed by two Flamenco dancers who moved magically on the stage and captured the audience’s attention. I was grateful to experience the rich culture and feel the emotions that the performance easily pulled out through each stomp and strum, expressing a depth of feeling that words could not express.
That has been the recurring theme for me during our journey through Spain— I do not have the right words to describe my emotions that have come up as we learn about the culture and entanglement of Muslim, Christian, and Jewish religions that shape the country. I felt that the Flamenco show was the perfect way to wrap up everything we’ve been experiencing. Emotional, powerful, and full of life. It really brought together so much of what we’ve been learning including the richness of the culture, the deep mix of influences, and the way it all still lives and breathes through the people and their art.
Adventures in Almuñécar by Carlee Felty
As the adventures of Spain come to an end, there’s a moment of bliss as we make our way to the beach of Almuñécar. The day starts with a night full of rest, a Spanish breakfast, and a pit stop to the flea market. We start our official beach day with our group discussion on public policy and clothing restrictions; and whether or not it is empowering or discriminatory.
As we race to the beach on the hot rocks we take in the beauty around us of the clear Mediterranean water and architecture. We cheerfully pose for a picture for this blog; and memories of course.
Here we can be seen enjoying the beautiful water and the peace that comes along with floating on the water.
After a peaceful day on the beach, a few of us venture back into the city after arriving back to our hotel, on the hunt for henna. After asking five locals, changing directions three times, and walking up a hill we final make it to a quiet henna shop. The man gives us all different designs and an Arabic word on our middle finger: peace, love, and free. A momentum to our trip and learning!
Echoes of Granada: Faith, Food, and Farewell by Amaya Mendoza
9:00 am: We all enjoyed a wonderful breakfast at the Hotel Macia Monasterio de los Basilios. During breakfast, we started a fruitful discussion about food and the importance of it in culture – especially when looking at Spain. One common ingredient in a lot of places here has been ham or pork. This can be traced back to the forced conversion of Jews and Muslims, due to it being against their religion. If they ate the pork/ham, and converted, they were welcome to stay. Otherwise, they were killed or had to leave. Despite the sad meaning behind some common foods, there are also beautiful parts of Spanish culture. For example, the tapas we enjoyed at the Flamenco show and the olive oil that was on (almost) everything.
12:30 pm: During our spare last moments in Granada, some of us (with Dr. Glazier as our leader) decided to explore the area once more. To our surprise, there was a parade going on! After attempting to speak to a local couple, conversing with the receptionist at the Hotel and doing a little research of my own, I learned that this event was a continuation of an important celebration of the Catholic Church – but it was hard to interpret which one. Possibly the “Feast of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary” or a pilgrimage known as El Rocio.
3:10 pm: We are on the train back to Madrid! As Sunday draws closer, as well as the end of our adventure, I have been reflecting on our journey. During our visits through Madrid till Almuñécar, we explored religious (Jewish, Muslim and Christian) influences on Spanish culture, history, art, food, & politics. Through experiences, purchases and discussions, we lit a flame of desire for us all….to continue interfaith discussions and cultural appreciations when we return home.
6:43 pm: We have arrived in Madrid!
7:48 pm: We met Tamir from Arco Forum, a non-profit that works on fostering social cohesion by connecting communities through dialogue on a wide range of topics like human rights, the non-instrumentation of religion in politics, equality, freedom of expression and more. They are also committed to the United Nation’s “Sustainable Development Goals” (SDG’s). He spoke about the Hizmet Movement throughout Europe and offered some dates (fruit) to eat! We then gave our “goodbye gift” to our wonderful API director – Layla! She has been such a ray of sunshine and guidance throughout this exciting journey for us all.
10:04pm: It is time to shower, have dinner and think about the wonderful day of travel we have had. As we reflect on our discussions and Tamir’s presentation, we all are thinking about the best way to bring this unity and these initiatives with us as we plan our event back home in Little Rock, Arkansas.
